How to Build a Nest for Success in the Public Health Sector: A Critical Look at the Leadership Theories

To effectively address these challenges, require public health leaders that have clear understanding and applicability of the various leadership theories. Considering the fact that there is no single theory that is effective within the public health leadership circle, there is need for future public health leaders to look for alternative theories or a combination of theories that would ensure effectiveness in the discharge of their responsibilities to create a nest for success within the public health sector. As public health professionals, we are aware that public health leadership aims to protect the health of the public, promote population health, prevent diseases, assess effectiveness of the health systems, evaluate the impact of interventions, and reduce health inequity and inequality. However, achieving this is only possible when there is in place the right leader at the right time. Thus, public health leaders would require certain traits and skills that enables them build infrastructure that prevent diseases, serve the people, ensure population based approach on public health issues, and create community-wide health strategies to bring the required positive social change. However, this is not possible except when there is the right leadership at the helm of affairs who was able to master the various leadership theories and their applicability.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/social-sciences-and-humanities/american-research-journal-of-humanities-and-social-sciences/

Socio-cultural and Policy Related Constraints to Women’s Land Right: A Case Study from Gamo Highland, SW Ethiopia

The study critically reviews and analyzes the status of rural women in access to and control over land in three purposefully selected rural kebeles of Gamo highlands, SNNPR on smallholder farmers. In the study mixed research approaches including qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect and analyze data. Survey of 164 households mainly females were conducted administrating questionnaires in the quantitative methods. The qualitative method applied was group discussion and interviews and personal observation. In the study descriptive statistics and regression analysis were utilized. The findings clearly depicted that in the study area female headed households owned 0.52 ha farmland compared to 0.86 ha of their male counterpart, where the average holding at the national level and Gamo highland is0.96 and 0.92 ha respectively. Though, Ethiopia’s legal framework is progressive in its support to women’s land rights, due to harmful customary practices, patriarchal orientation and traditional social norms towards female in Gamo highland female do not own and control rural land, and even inherit land from their family and death of husband. The study further noted that among socio-cultural and institutional factors discriminatory cultural practices (60%), low awareness of women on their land right (19.4%), challenge of law enforcement (10.3%) and women’s position in the society (4.7%) are the most dominant constraints that impedes women’s land right in the study area. Moreover, in the study area women’s are less represented in leadership positions and rural land administration council. Of the independent socioeconomic variables sex, educational status and family size are appeared to be statistically significant association with land ownership. Finally it is suggested that awareness creation campaign and proportional representation of women in decision making process and local land administration councils needs urgent response.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/social-sciences-and-humanities/american-research-journal-of-humanities-and-social-sciences/

Phonotactic Properties of Turkish Folk Music Phonetic Notation System/TFMPNS: Urfa Region Sample

It is determined and approved by linguistic/musicology source and authotrities that this reality which is also present in other world languages can be transferred to notation and vocalized again and again in accordance with its original through International Phonetic Alphabet/IPA existence and usability of which have been registered by local and universal standards through the notification that will be submitted. In order to initiate an application parallel to applications in national/international platforms a suggestion was made under the scope of ITU SBE TMP Post Graduation Program thesis, it will be developed under the scope of ITU SBE MJT Doctorate Program thesis, therefore Turkish Folk Music Phonetic Notation System/TFMPNS based on Turkish Linguistic Insitution Transcription Signs/TLITS and International Phonetic Alphabet/IPA sounds in axis of linguistics/morphology measures together with local/universal attachments will be introduced; the conveying and adaptation processes of phonotactic properties (defined as a field of science examining the voices that may and may not be placed respectively in a language, phonology/voice combination/voice coalescence rules) to Turkish Folk Music Phonetic Notation System/TFMPNS will be realized. Gele Gele Geldim Bir Kara Dasa folk music text which is one of the 128 melodious poetical literature examples transcripted by Urfa/Kerkük/Tallâfer Dialects Turkish Linguistic Insitution Transcription Signs/UKTD TLITS and musics recorded live in music assemblies between years 1967-1987 and phonograph records were selected as sample material (together with voice record compiled from a source person who is expert in the regional music and universal correlations) that will be examined by phonotactic theory/analysis method according to scientific compilation rules. Besides, detailed emphasize will be made on Turkish Folk Music Phonetic Notation System of Phonotactic Awareness Skill Development Processes/TFMPNS PASDP-Turkish Folk Music Phonetic Notation System of Phonotactic Therapy Applications/TFMPNS PTA-Turkish Folk Music Phonetic Notation System of Phonotactic Probability Calculator Database/TFMPNS PPCD.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/social-sciences-and-humanities/american-research-journal-of-humanities-and-social-sciences/

Criminal Justice Tenets of Manusmriti- A Critique of the Ancient Hindu Code

The Manusmriti is the Hindu code of ancient India, which dealt with the relationships between social and ethnic groups, between men and women, the organization of the state and the judicial system, reincarnation, the workings of karma, and all aspects of the law. Even after several centuries, it still generates controversy, with Manu's verses being cited in support of the oppression of women and members of the oppressed castes. A few chapters of Manusmriti deal with crime, justice, and punishment. The criminal justice system in ancient India was found to be based on the Varna system and the Manusmriti defined crime and punishment for each Varna in a hierarchical mode. This paper is a critical analysis of the criminal justice tenets found in the code.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/social-sciences-and-humanities/american-research-journal-of-humanities-and-social-sciences/

General Principles of Law in International Commercial Arbitration

The arbitral tribunal in an international arbitration usually is accorded great freedom to assess and select the applicable substantive law when the parties themselves did not make a choice of law. The authors discuss what the effect hereof is on the role of the Unidroit Principles within the context of international commercial arbitration. Thereto, they explore the following issues. Firstly, they examine when the Unidroit Principles might serve as applicable law and they provide an overview of the different methods generally used by arbitrators for selecting the appropriate applicable law in an arbitration procedure. Secondly, they investigate the role of the Unidroit Principles in the interpretation and supplementation of national law. They then further examine the use of the Unidroit Principles for the interpretation and supplementation of international uniform law. In the margin of their research, the authors also touch upon the issues of the growing acceptance of the application of a-national law in international arbitration the scepticism of legal scholars as to the application of 'lexmercatoria'; and the use of the Unidroit Principles as an instrument for interpretation and supplementation of the international uniform law, such as the CISG.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/social-sciences-and-humanities/american-research-journal-of-humanities-and-social-sciences/

Pattern of Crop Diversification in Haryana

Crop diversification is a concept which is opposite to crop specialization. In the present paper special variations of crop diversification have been examined for the year 2007-08 to 2009-10 (Average), by employing modified Bhatia method by Jasbir Singh (1976) index of crop diversification Districts has been taken as a special unit and three categories (viz high, medium and low) of diversification have been obtained for study period. The degree of diversification will be high as the index value of diversification is low and vice-verse. The highest degree of crop diversification was found in Hisar and lowest in Karnal District. The index value of crop diversification of Haryana as a whole were obtained 16.29 index of crop diversification.. 

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Causes of Child Labour in Different Sectors: A Case study of Urban Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh

Present research concentrates to analyze the extent of child labour participation in different sectors along with investigating the main causes of child labour. According to Census of India - 2001, there were 12.26 million working children in the age group of 5-14 years as compared to 11.3 million in 1991 revealing an increasing trend in absolute numbers though the work participation rates of children (5-14) has come down from 5.4 percent during 1991 to 5 percent during 2001. The recent round of the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) estimates suggest that the child labour in the country is around 8.9 million in 2004-05 with a workforce participation rate of 3.4 per cent (NSSO 2004-05). Data used in this research was obtained from the children aged 5- 15 years in Visakhapatnam City of Andhra Pradesh who were working at Construction, Departmental Stores, Hotels and Mechanical workshops. Interview Schedule was designed to measure the demographic characteristics in different sectors of the child labour. A convenience sample is obtained by selecting 'convenient' population units. Chi-square test was applied to measure the extent and direction of relationship between the study variables. From the analysis, it was concluded that gender of child, level of education, religion, caste of the family and migration are the main reasons of child labour and age of the children has no relationship. In this respect both government and non-government organizations should take some concrete steps for provision of education for children, and equitable employment opportunities should be adopted to control the menace of child labour.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/social-sciences-and-humanities/american-research-journal-of-humanities-and-social-sciences/

Levels of Literacy, Employment and Socio- Economic Development among the Rural Beggar Population: A Case Study

The present study is an attempt to analyse the spatial patterns of rural beggars' literacy, employment, variations in level of socio-economic status, and the relationship between their rate of literacy and employment (dependent variables) with selected variables of socio-economic development in rural areas of Aligarh district of Uttar Pradesh. The study is based on primary source of data, collected through the field survey in the Aligarh district carried out during 2009. Stratified Random Sampling has been used for the selection of villages. Six per cent villages (i.e. 70 villages) were selected out of the 1180 inhabited villages and for the selection of households, 25 per cent beggars' households were randomly selected from each selected village of the district. Altogether, 496 beggars' households were selected for the present study from the 70 villages of the district. The regional analysis of the study reveals that the eastern and south-eastern blocks of the district experienced the medium and high level of literacy rate among the rural beggar population. More or less similar pattern is also observed regarding the rural beggars'' employment that eastern parts of the district recorded medium or high level of employment rate in comparison to western parts. However, any definite regular spatial pattern in terms of socioeconomic development has not been observed in the district.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/social-sciences-and-humanities/american-research-journal-of-humanities-and-social-sciences/

Dalit Education and the Government Policies

Each and every child in the age group of 6-14 years will be endowed with 8 years of elementary education in an age appropriate classroom in the vicinity of his/her neighborhood. Caste discrimination is a highly politicised and sensitive issue in India. Despite constitutional safeguards and special legislation for the protection of the country's estimated 200 million Dalits, violations of their fundamental human rights continue. The responsibility of social equalization fell upon the Indian government when it gained its independence from British in 1947, while some benefits of social programs and government policies designed to increase access of education for Dalits can be noticed, but the Dalit literate population still remains much lower than that of the rest of India. Present issue will notify the importance of education and the role of government policies for the emancipation of Dalit education. As education has been identified as the prime mover of development, an instrument of social change and having the potential of transforming the cast ridden society into a democratic one.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/social-sciences-and-humanities/american-research-journal-of-humanities-and-social-sciences/

Piercing of Corporate Veil in Taxation Matters (India and International Transactions) with Reference to Direct Tax Codes

 In the ultimate analysis, some human beings are the real beneficiaries of the corporate advantages, for while, by fiction of law, a corporation is a distinct entity yet in reality, it is an association of persons who are in fact the beneficiaries of the corporate property. Therefore, it may happen that the corporate personality of the company is used to commit frauds or improper or illegal acts like tax evasion. Thus, the concept of piercing or lifting the corporate veil holds significance. A corporate veil may be pierced either through statutory provisions or by judicial interpretation. Piercing the corporate veil in taxation matters is an outcome of judicial decisions. This Article firstly deals with the pros and cons of the concept of tax evasion and piercing the corporate veil. It pertains to situations in which piercing of corporate veil in taxation matters is considered valid and convincing. Then it goes on to emphasizing the notion, construction and legality of lifting the veil in India, United States and United Kingdom. It also stresses on the Direct Tax Codes and the scope of piercing the veil. It is analytical and descriptive in nature and doctrinal in approach.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/social-sciences-and-humanities/american-research-journal-of-humanities-and-social-sciences/

Disturbance, Peace and Development in Kashmir

The Kashmir conflict as a consequent of Partition of India, costs heavy damage to the economy of Kashmir and both India and Pakistan. The people of the Kashmir became victims of voilence forged by both subversive groups and security agecies. In this paper, the author has attempted to analyse the impact of turmoil on economy of Kashmir Valley and benefits of ongoing peace process between India and Pakistan under the nomenclature of Confidence Building Measures (CBMs). The relative importance of peace and development is crux of this paper. The establishment of peace in Kashmir Valley would be an economic boon for J&K in general and Kashmir in particular, which has been evidenced in the paper by stastistical analysis.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/social-sciences-and-humanities/american-research-journal-of-humanities-and-social-sciences/